Standard SS8H6 Elements A, B, C

SS8H6 The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia

a. Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War; include slavery, states’ rights, nullification, Missouri Compromise,Compromise of 1850 and the Georgia Platform, Kansas-Nebraska Act, DredScott case, election of 1860, the debate over secession in Georgia, and the role of Alexander Stephens.

American Civil War
• Civil War refers to the fighting that occurs between opposing sides in the same country
• American Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865
• Fighting was between the Union (Northern part of the United States) and the Confederacy (Southern part of United States)
• Was over issues of State’s Rights and Slavery and Economics
States’ Rights
• This is the belief that the power of the Federal government is given to them by the Individual States (In other words the Federal Government can only do that which the States allow them to do.)
• If the Federal Gov’t tries to overstep its authority and enact laws contrary to what the States agree to, then the States can declare that law Null and Void (Nullification) and do not have to obey it
• This causes problems because then some states agree to new laws and some do not.

Slavery
• First Slaves arrived in United States in 1619
• Both North and South used slaves but the South used many more than the north for agricultural purposes.
• Slavery was NOT illegal in the U.S. but slave trade or importation of slaves from other countries had been made illegal by this time period.
• Most northern States began to oppose slavery while the South saw it as a “necessary evil”
• Questions arose over how to count slaves for representation in Congress (3/5 Compromise)
• More Questions were raised on whether to allow slavery to spread to new U.S. territories as they were acquired.
• In answer to these questions, several more compromises were written, voted upon, and passed by Congress

Missouri Compromise
• In 1819, there 11 Free States ( ones that did not allow slavery) and 11 Slave States (ones that did allow slavery) so the votes in the Senate were equal 22-22 between slave and free states.
• 1820 Missouri applied for statehood which would upset the balance in the Senate. In a compromise, Congress agreed to allow Missouri in as a Slave state while admitting Maine as a Free State. Also, all new territory above the 36 20 latitude line could NOT have slavery.
• This compromise ended the slave state verses free state issue BUT only for a short time.

Dred Scott Decision
• In1834, a slave by the name of Dred Scott was taken from the slave state of Missouri into the the free state of Illinois then to Wisconsin which was another free State before they returned to Missouri.
• Dred Scot maintained that he had lived in a Free State and therefore must be considered free. He filed a lawsuit with the help of Northern Abolitionists (people against slavery) and the case was heard by the Supreme Court.
• The Court decided that since he was a slave and NOT a citizen, then he NO legal rights to even bring a lawsuit against his owner.
• The Court also ruled that Congress COULD NOT stop slavery within the territories which upset the earlier Missouri Compromise.

Compromise of 1850
• Gold was discovered in the U.S. territory of California in 1849. Immediately people moved to California and the population grew enough for California to ask for admittance as a state.
• There were 15 free States and 15 Free states at this time and California’s constitution did not allow slavery. If California became a state, then the balance in the Senate would again be upset.
• These following compromises were made (Compromise of 1850)
– California became a free state and territories of New Mexico and Utah could decide on their own if they wanted slavery or not.
– Slave trading in the District of Columbia stopped but people living there could keep their slaves.
– Fugitive Slave Law passed which said slaves that ran away to free states MUST be returned to the owners.

Georgia Platform
• Many Georgians did not like the Compromise of 1850 and were not not to cast votes to approve its passage but 3 men, Cobb, Stephens, and Toombs, asked Georgians to accept it. Their alliance was called the Georgia platform and they campaigned for passage of the Compromise of 1850 as the ONLY way to save the United States and keep from tearing it apart into two countries. North and South

Kansas Nebraska Act
• The Slavery issue just would not die and as new territories opened up there was a bitter argument over where they should be Free or Slave.
• Stephen Douglas proposed that Kansas and Nebraska both be admitted as states and instead of going with previous compromises, he suggested that the people living in the territories should just vote on what they wanted to be. The majority vote would decide. ( This idea is known as Popular Sovereignty.)
• Both sides (anti slavery and proslavery) shipped people in by trainloads in order to win the votes. There were bitter fights between sides in which sometimes entire towns were burnt and the people killed. It was so bad that Kansas became known as “Bleeding Kansas.”
• When Kansas applied for statehood, they were going to allow slavery but the Northern Senators voted against admittance as a state.
• There was an uneven number of votes in the Senate at this time with more Northern states that were against slavery and fewer southern states that were proslavery.
• Therefore when it came time to vote on slavery issues, the North was always going to win.
• This really made the Southern states mad.

Political Problems
• Tensions grew over the slavery issue as well as over northern industry against southern agriculture. The North was always voting for things to go their way and the South hated it.
• The South felt like they had to do something so they started talking about seceding (breaking away) from the U.S. and forming their own country.
• In the election of 1860 there was a man by the name of Abe Lincoln running for president. Since he was backed by Radical Republicans (who opposed slavery), they believed he would make slavery illegal if he were elected.
• Many states saw this as the end to slavery and their way of life so they decided that if he were elected they would secede and form the Confederate States of America.
• Lincoln won the election and the country split in half into Northern (antislavery) and Southern (proslavery) regions

Georgia
• Georgia was sharply divided over the issue of secession. While most believed in preserving the Union, they also believed that the Federal gov’t obtained its power FROM the State ( States’ Rights)
• Alexander Stephens strongly opposed secession and gave stirring speeches against it.
• Many Georgians wanted to see what South Carolina would do 1st.
• On Nov 21st 1860, Gov Joe Brown along with Cobb and Toombs called for a secessionist convention.
• On Jan 19, 1861, after seeing South Carolina secede Ga followed and voted for secession also

b. State the importance of key events of the Civil War; include Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast,Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville

Civil War
• Lasted from April 1861 until April 1865
• Was between Union (North) and Confederate (South)
• Underlying causes were States Rights, Slavery and Economic differences between the North and South
• Immediate causes were John Browns Raid and the Election of Abraham Lincoln
• Important Battles:
– War Started at Ft Sumter South Carolina in April 1861
– Antietam – Sept 1862-Union victory Bloodiest one day battle of War, almost 25,000 killed
– Gettysburg- July 1863-Union Victory, turning point the war, South did not win another Major battle afterwards

- Chickamauga - Sept. 1863 - fought in Ga to stop Shermans advance. It was a Confederate Victory But Sherman still advanced to take Kennesaw Mtn and Atlanta
– War Ended at Appomattox Courthouse with surrender of Lee (Confederate) to Grant (Union)

War in Ga
• Union General Sherman left Chattanooga Tennessee and attacked Ga headed for Atlanta.
• Ga was the stronghold of the Confederacy supplying the MOST supplies of Confederate State. Ga had the Most factories and better Railroads. Sherman knew that if he could break GA than the war would be over.
• Sherman laid siege (surrounded) to Atlanta, captured it, and eventually burned it to the ground. At this time the population of Atlanta was about 15,000 people.
• Sherman then marched to Savannah, captured the city and “gave it to Lincoln as a Christmas present.”
• Andersonville was the most famous civil war prison in the South. It held Union prisoners of war and had extremely horrible conditions in which many soldiers died.(Compare to Camp Douglas in North)

Emancipation Proclamation
• The war was NOT going well for the North and Many northerners wanted to let the South GO AWAY.
• Lincoln, in an effort to “rally” the north, turned the war into a MORAL war to End slavery.
• Although Lincoln was NOT against slavery, shortly after the Battle of Antietam, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which declared “ALL slaves in the Rebelling States are declared FREE.” He did not declare slavery illegal in the United States.





c. Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states, emphasizing Freedmen’s Bureau; sharecropping and tenant farming; Reconstruction plans; 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the constitution; Henry McNeal Turner and black legislators, and the Ku Klux Klan

Reconstruction Period
• The period immediately after the War is known as Reconstruction (a period of rebuilding the South after the war)
• Times were tough for Freed Slaves. There were no jobs available in the North or the South for them.
• The Freedmen's Bureau was an organization to help both blacks and whites get “back on their feet” though most whites were too proud to use the service.
• Many ex-slaves chose to Tenant Farm or Sharecrop the land usually owned by their former master. They provided the labor by working the fields while the owner supplied them a place to live and all tools necessary for the job. Most often went into debt to their former master and worked the farm for life trying to pay off the debt.
• The biggest difference between sharecropping and slavery was that the people were NOT Owned and could not be traded or sold. They had the freedom to choose to work there but mush of the life was the same as the Plantation Life

Reconstruction Plans
• Lincoln wanted to allow the South EASY Re-entry into the Union But many of the Northern Congressmen wanted to Punish the South and have a HARD Re-entry program
• Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth (a Northern actor with Southern sympathies) before he could start his plans
• Vice President Johnson, from Tennessee, took over and wanted to follow Lincolns plans but the Northern Congressmen accused him of being too easy on the South since he was from Tennessee, a Southern State
• Reconstruction was a ROUGH period with TOUGH re-entry plans for Southern States who were opposed to many of the changes

Constitution Changes
• As a result of the Civil War and the resistance of the South to change and accept the facts that slavery was over, several Constitutional Amendments were Passed
• 13th Amendment – Made Slavery illegal in all U.S. States and Territories
• 14th Amendment – All citizens have SAME rights and Privileges of All other Citizens
( Blacks were EQUAL to Whites under the Law)
• 15th Amendment – No citizen can be denied the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Political Change
• After the Civil War, blacks were elected to the General assembly of GA for the 1st time. Henry McNeal Turner was one of the 1st African-Americans to take office.
• Milledgeville was the capital of GA at this time and the General Assembly refused to let the black legislators take office and the hotels in the area would not allow them to stay there. They said the Constitutional Amendments may allow blacks to be citizens but does NOT guarantee them a place in the Assembly
• The U.S. government made the General assembly except them and the Capital moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta where the climate was more favorable to blacks.White Organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan began to spring up as white advocate groups and to oppose the equality of blacks

SS8H5D

d. Analyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; include the roles of Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears.

Indian Lands of Ga
• Much of Ga was still Indian Land in the early 1800’s
• The ___________________ Indians owned much of the land in North Ga
• The ______________________Indians Controlled Most of the Land in West and South Ga including the area in which we live today
• The ________________________Indians were actually a branch of the Creeks that controlled extreme Southwest Ga and North Florida
• 2 other tribes lived in land that Ga gave away in the Yazoo Land Fraud

Cherokee
• Most _____________________of the 5 tribes
• _______________________many white ways
• Written language developed by ______________________who was called _______________________ by whites
• Had a newspaper- the _____________________________
• Formed a capital known as __________________________________
• ___________________________was a mixed heritage chief of the Cherokee who owned a lot of land.


Creek
• The Creek Indians also tried to be like the whites that were moving into their land
• They ____________________, __________________________, and ________________________as a way to survive just like the white neighbors
• Unfortunately, many of the new settlers believed that Indians had no rights to the land and wanted it for themselves.
• The practice of ________________________(giving up) their land started by Tomochichi continued as the Creek lost their land little by little

Land Fever and Georgia Settlers
• As Settlers moved in and demanded more land from the Creeks, some of the Creeks saw a way to make Money while others decided to fight for their land
• _____________________________________led the Creeks against the Settlers. He met with President George Washington and they signed the Treaty of New York (1790) which said that the “Creek would give up all land east of the Oconee River IF settlers promised not to cross the River into Creek Lands”
• Neither side upheld the Treaty

Treaty Broken
• During the Peace from1797-1812, the ___________________________________occurred. One concession for Ga giving up her western land was that the Federal Gov’t Promised to remove ALL Indians from the Land of Ga
• As settlers ignored the Treaty of New York and moved across the Oconee into Creek Lands, the Creek became upset and wanted to fight
• Settlers screamed for the Gov’t to uphold its promise and send soldiers to take care of the Indians

Creek War
• Creeks divided into two different groups
• ________________________ sticks – wanted peace
• ________________Sticks – wanted war
• The Red Sticks helped the British try to retake the colonies in the War of 1812.
• Many settlers were upset and renewed their cry for the gov’t to remove the Creeks
• The Creeks began to attack the Settlements
• General _______________________________led the US Army in defeating the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend In 1814
• The Red Sticks gave up all claim to land in Ga
• White Stick Creeks were led by many different chiefs
• One Lower Chief was __________________________________________
• McIntosh was 1st Cousins with the Ga Governor George Troup
• Together they arranged for McIntosh to sign away all remaining Creek Territory in Ga for a price of $200,000
• Other Creek Leaders Protested the deal but the Gov said “too bad” and kept the deal
• Other Creeks got together and killed McIntosh for what he had done

Creek Removal
• 1828 - _______________________________was elected as President
• He had been a friend to most Indians (esp Cherokee) even though he fought against the Red Sticks
• 1830 – Congress passed a bill to Remove all Indians from East of the Mississippi into its Western Land
• 1832 – Creeks signed Treaty of Washington in which they gave up claim to final 5 million acres of land and the Gov’t promised to set aside 2 million acres on which Creeks could live and farm. The Gov’t would protect the Creeks from white settlers
• Treaty was broken immediately as whites attacked and burned the Indian homes.
• Indians fought back but were killed or captured and removed to the West

Cherokee Conformity
• The Cherokee tried everyway to conform to the White Settlers Standards
• They
– Set up a __________________________government
– Published _________________________________
– Helped the Army fight against other Indians
– _____________________ of the Cherokee Indians learned to read and write
– _________________________ for a living
– Converted to ________________________and even brought in missionaries

Cherokee Removal Begins
• Settlers began to be jealous of Cherokee prosperity and began to despise the success of their leader _________________who owned a large house, slaves, much land, gristmills and blacksmith shops
• Combine this with the discovery of ________________ in 1829 on their land near present day ________________________, and the Settlers REALLY wanted the land
• Settlers began to scream for the Gov’t to keep their promise to remove all Indians from Ga

Worcester v. Georgia
• The Ga Legislature passed a law in 1830 making it illegal for ____________________to live on Cherokee land unless they swore an oath of allegiance to the Ga Gov.
• Two missionaries, _______________________ and ___________________________, already living on the Cherokee land with Cherokee approval, refused to take the oath
• They were arrested and they appealed their case to the _____________________________ of the U.S.A

Court Ruling
• Chief Justice ________________________________________agreed with the missionaries and declared the “state of Ga had no legal rights on land belonging to the Cherokee Nation
• This was a huge victory for the Cherokee because the U.S. Gov’t recognized their rights to land ownership
• This also meant that the land was _______________________from settlers who wanted to move there
• The Cherokee were happy they could keep their land and make their own decisions

Court Reality
• There was a political battle going on between the Supreme Court backed by John Marshall and the Executive Branch backed by President Andrew Jackson.
• Both believed their branch of Gov’t to be the Strongest and wanted to prove the point
• Jackson knew the Ga settlers wanted the Cherokee land and he wanted to keep his voters happy. Marshall went against Jackson’s wishes in the court ruling
• Jackson said in referring to Marshall “ Well, he made the ruling, now let’s see if he can enforce it.”
• Jackson refused to send in _____________________to protect the Cherokee from settlers or from the State of GA. The Supreme Court has NO LEGAL power to send in troops.

Cherokee Removal
• When the president did not react to the taking of Cherokee land, the State of GA divided it into lots of 40 and 160 acres and auctioned it off to white settlers
• It did NOT matter that the Cherokee STILL lived on the land
• Cherokee were driven from their homes, beaten, whipped and sometimes killed for their land
• Chief John Ross made several trips to Washington D.C. but nothing changed
• December 1835 - Cherokee 500 out of 17,000 Cherokee were forced to meet and sign over all land. Those not in attendance were assumed to be in agreement to give up land
• Only a small few actually participated in the signing

Trail of Tears
• After signing away the land, the Cherokee were rounded up and forced to leave for “Indian Territory” (present day_________________________)
• Some were sent by boat and some were forced to march on a journey that lasted ______________ and covered 700-800 miles
• Horrible rotten food as well as cold weather led to the death of 1/3 to ½ of the Indians
• 4000 Cherokee died in prison awaiting the removal orders
• The Cherokee called the removal “the trail where we cried” now called the “________________________________”

Summary
• As settlers need for __________________increased, they infringed upon the Indian’s right to land
• The gov’t supported the settlers ignorance of treaties and laws to protect the Indians
• The ____________________________ended all Indian uprisings East of the MississippiProblems during this period set the stage for States Rights verses Federal Rights arguments to come later