SS8H8 The student will analyze the important events that occurred after World War I and their impact on Georgia.
a. Describe the impact of the boll weevil and drought on Georgia.
WWI Aftermath
With the End of WWI, the U.S.A. had established herself as a World Power.
Soldiers returning from overseas brought back new ideas and different views of the world and society.
The U.S. experienced a "Party Atmosphere" known as the Roaring 20s in which society was riding a wave of economic prosperity and times were great.
Farmers had produce massive quantities of cotton for wartime uniforms. Textile Mills made the uniforms and overall business was GREAT.
Women began to experience more freedom with the right to vote (19th Amendment)
In general LIFE WAS WONDERFUL.
Downfall
In the late 1890s an insect known as the Boll Weevil began to make its way from Mexico into Texas and eventually into GA.
This insect destroyed the Ga cotton crop in the mid 1920s and by 1929, Ga cotton production had dropped to almost 15 of its war time production.
To make matters worse, the worse drought in the states history hit in 1924.
Farmers began to go broke.
Banks that lent them $$ went Broke.
By 1929, the impact of banks over lending credit was felt and the Nation went into a depression.
Better jobs were in the North at Factories so a Great Migration of people left the South
Among this migration were many blacks who felt they would get better$$ and more equal rights in the North.
b. Explain economic factors that resulted in the Great Depression.
Great Depression
During the War, Europe was so busy fighting that many factories and farms were not in operation. Many people did not have jobs so the U.S. economy was growing rapidly to meet their demand but after the war ended and the people of Europe started rebuilding things slowly changed throughout the 1920s while the U.S. was having its "Party."
Causes of Great Depression
People had borrowed more money than they could repay
Factories produced more than they could sell
Farmers produced more food than in demand
All of these factors brought about Black Tuesday in which the Stock Market crashed (went broke) on Oct.29, 1929.
Banks had invested large amounts of $$ in stocks and when people found out the banks were short on cash they demanded their money. When the banks handed out all the cash on hand. The bank closed and people lost their savings.
d. Discuss the effect of the New Deal in terms of the impact of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Agricultural Adjustment Act, rural electrification, and Social Security
Great Depression Solutions
Herbert Hoover was the President at the start of the Great Depression but lost the office to Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)
Hoover had a policy of letting people dig out from their own problems but FDR believed the Government should set up programs to help the people. He called his program the "NEW DEAL."
FDR started Gov't jobs and programs such as the
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – this organization paid men a dollar a day for working on projects from building sewers to repairing state park facilities to improve the state
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) – this organization gave grants of money to property owners for farming. Tenant farmers and sharecroppers did not get $ since they did not own the land.
He also set about getting electricity to rural (country) areas of the United States and not just the cities. Ex.
Tennessee Valley Authority dammed up the Tenn. River to produce Electricity for North Ga
He also started the Social Security Program in which you get $ when you retire.
c. Discuss the impact of the political career of Eugene Talmadge.
Eugene Talmadge
Became Gov of Ga in 1933
Was opposed to FDR New Deal Policies
Was a conservative white supremacist that disliked federal Gov't involvement in the state and was very popular in GA
Often used force to get what he wanted and did not follow federal guidelines on New Deal Programs
He served 2 terms (2 years each) and then was re-elected in 1940.
His opposition to New Deal Policy ideas softened But he got into trouble when plans to integrate UGA and Georgia Southern were revealed. He opposed integration and fired several members of the faculty and Board of Regents that oversaw the schools.
His actions drew National attention to Ga and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools threatened to take accreditation from ALL white schools in GA.
People became upset with him and the Association.
Friday, November 7, 2008
Standard 8H7
SS8H7 The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes thatoccurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918
a. Evaluate the impact the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, InternationalCotton Exposition, Tom Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank Case, and the county unit system had on Georgia during this period.
Political and Social Changes
During the Reconstruction period, The Bourbon Triumvirate controlled Ga.
The Bourbon Triumvirate was the name given to 3 leading GA Democratic politicians (Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon) that wanted to Build stronger ties, trade relations with the North and Keep white supremacy alive in the South. Through their leadership the division between blacks and whites grew deeper.
The Republicans who were in favor of Equal rights for Blacks lost out to the Democrats who were white supremacist.
After the End of Reconstruction and All states had been Readmitted to the Union, there were still significant changes to be made
Influential Georgians
Henry Grady - Managing editor of Atlanta Constitution in 1880; promoted a "New South" in which new Agricultural methods would be used and an industry would be increased greatly; principal planner for the International Cotton Exposition which highlighted Georgia’s new industries.
Tom Watson – Leader of the Populists Party which fought for the "common man’s" rights against the rich man.He introduce Rural Free Delivery (RFD) which got mail delivered to you even if you lived in the country.
Rebecca Latimer Felton – leader of social reforms which included the temperance (anti-alcohol), women's suffrage, and equality movements. Helped to end Bourbon Triumvirate
Atlanta Happenings
1906 Atlanta Riot – Due to political and social unrest and distrust, blacks and whites feared each other. Newspapers reported numerous stories of assaults against whites by blacks. Politicians used these incidents to stir up feelings and gain support. On Sept. 22, 1906, Things came to a head. A crowd of 5000 blacks and whites met and fighting broke out. The result was the worst race riot of Ga History. Martial Law was declared for 2 days until tempers cooled down.
Leo Frank Case – Leo Frank was the superintendent at the National Pencil Factory and was accused of murdering Mary Phagan, a 14 year old factory employee. He was convicted with little evidence and mainly on the testimony of Jim Conley, a black janitor, who was also a suspect. Because there was a dislike of Jews and Frank was a Jew, he was sentenced to death. Ga. Gov. Slaton changed the sentence to "Life Imprisonment." 25 armed men stormed the Milledgeville Prison, got Frank, drove to Marietta and lynched him in Phagan’s front yard.
b. Analyze how rights were denied to African-Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial violence
Discrimination
Slavery had ended and the "South" had been Reconstructed but there were still racial tensions and many blacks were not allowed to vote even though they were guaranteed this right by the Constitution.
Jim Crow Laws were designed to keep blacks and whites separate at public places such as restaurants, bathrooms and even water fountains.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Court case in Louisiana about a black man riding on a whites only white train car
Black man said he was a paying customer and could ride in any car he chose
Railroad said he could ride only in the car for blacks
The case went to the Supreme Court which said the Railroad could make blacks and whites ride in different cars as long as the cars were equal. This is known as the "Separate but equal" ruling which set up segregation
Disenfranchisement -Ways to keep Blacks from Voting
Poll Tax - $ had to be paid in order to vote
Primary and General Elections
Had to win smaller general elections in order to run in the Primary (MAIN) election for office
White Primary
refers to the fact that most Primary Elections had only White candidates for office.
Literacy Test- had to pass a test proving you could read and write in order to vote but you could vote if you met one of the requirement listed below
-There were Exemptions for people that displayed good and moral behavior
-Let people vote if they understood the duties and obligations of good citizens
-Allowed you to vote if you owned 40 acres of land or had or $ 500 taxable property
-Grandfather clause (veteran)- if your grandfather fought in the war then you could vote
Racial violence
Worse than the other methods of Disfranchisement was the use of violence
Organizations such as the KKK would stand near polling/voting stations and scare the black community away from voting.
They would "visit" those that did vote and either threaten, beat, or kill them.
This, of course, was illegal but it was done under the cover of darkness and in many cases the local authorities did not investigate it much.
Later, during the organized civil rights movement, the difficulties of the black population would catch the attention of the "North" and steps would be taken to end segregation.
c. Explain the roles of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope,and Alonzo Herndon.
Influential Georgians
Booker T. Washington – Founder and president of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Outspoken black leader promoting equality of races urging races to work together and change would eventually take place
W.E.B. Dubois – Author and Professor at Atlanta University that promoted the equality of blacks but wanted radical change, wanted black respect (lived in Albany)
John and Lugenia Burns Hope – John became first black president of Morehouse College in 1906; close friends with DuBois and shared same views. Wife organized "Neighborhood Union" to help poor and underprivileged
Alonzo Herndon – former slave who started cutting hair after slavery ended. Began buying property with his $ and later founded what is today the Atlanta Life Insurance Company worth millions of $$$ was one of the wealthiest Atlanta businessmen –black or white
d. Give reasons for World War I and describe Georgia’s contributions.
World War I
August 1914, War broke out in Europe between the Central Powers led by Germany, and Austria Hungary and the Allied Powers led by France, Great Britain, and Russia.
The United States declared itself neutral and said the war was a European affair and did not involve the United States.
Many Americans and many Georgians did not agree with that feeling and found ways to join the war.
Germany had sunk the British Ocean Liner Lusitania in 1915 killing 128 Americans which raised anger against Germany
President Woodrow Wilson won re-election in 1916 based on the campaign promise to keep the U.S. out of war but in 1917, Germany submarines continued to sink U.S. trade ships carrying Supplies and passengers after Wilson had warned them to stop.
The U.S.A. declared War in April 1917 after discovering the "Zimmerman Telegram" in which Germany asked Mexico to attack the U.S and for their help they’d get all of SouthWest U.S.
Georgia and WWI
Even before the entry of the U.S. into WWI, people were finding a way to help the British and their allies.
Eugene Jacques Bullard’s grandfather had been a slave and Bullard had heard his father speak of countries where blacks and whites lived together as equals. France was one of those countries so he left Ga, traveled to France and joined their army.He was wounded twice and when found unfit for the army he joined the air force becoming a decorated pilot. When the U.S. entered the War, he offered his services to his home country but he was denied. He remained in France after the War but returned to the U.S. in later years.
Most black servicemen were thought unfit for battle so they worked on roads, as mechanics and other things.
The army was highly segregated into black and white units.
With bases such as Ft. McPherson, Camp Gordon and Camp Benning, Georgia became an important training site for the army.
November 1918, the War ended with the Allied Victory.
a. Evaluate the impact the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, InternationalCotton Exposition, Tom Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank Case, and the county unit system had on Georgia during this period.
Political and Social Changes
During the Reconstruction period, The Bourbon Triumvirate controlled Ga.
The Bourbon Triumvirate was the name given to 3 leading GA Democratic politicians (Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon) that wanted to Build stronger ties, trade relations with the North and Keep white supremacy alive in the South. Through their leadership the division between blacks and whites grew deeper.
The Republicans who were in favor of Equal rights for Blacks lost out to the Democrats who were white supremacist.
After the End of Reconstruction and All states had been Readmitted to the Union, there were still significant changes to be made
Influential Georgians
Henry Grady - Managing editor of Atlanta Constitution in 1880; promoted a "New South" in which new Agricultural methods would be used and an industry would be increased greatly; principal planner for the International Cotton Exposition which highlighted Georgia’s new industries.
Tom Watson – Leader of the Populists Party which fought for the "common man’s" rights against the rich man.He introduce Rural Free Delivery (RFD) which got mail delivered to you even if you lived in the country.
Rebecca Latimer Felton – leader of social reforms which included the temperance (anti-alcohol), women's suffrage, and equality movements. Helped to end Bourbon Triumvirate
Atlanta Happenings
1906 Atlanta Riot – Due to political and social unrest and distrust, blacks and whites feared each other. Newspapers reported numerous stories of assaults against whites by blacks. Politicians used these incidents to stir up feelings and gain support. On Sept. 22, 1906, Things came to a head. A crowd of 5000 blacks and whites met and fighting broke out. The result was the worst race riot of Ga History. Martial Law was declared for 2 days until tempers cooled down.
Leo Frank Case – Leo Frank was the superintendent at the National Pencil Factory and was accused of murdering Mary Phagan, a 14 year old factory employee. He was convicted with little evidence and mainly on the testimony of Jim Conley, a black janitor, who was also a suspect. Because there was a dislike of Jews and Frank was a Jew, he was sentenced to death. Ga. Gov. Slaton changed the sentence to "Life Imprisonment." 25 armed men stormed the Milledgeville Prison, got Frank, drove to Marietta and lynched him in Phagan’s front yard.
b. Analyze how rights were denied to African-Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial violence
Discrimination
Slavery had ended and the "South" had been Reconstructed but there were still racial tensions and many blacks were not allowed to vote even though they were guaranteed this right by the Constitution.
Jim Crow Laws were designed to keep blacks and whites separate at public places such as restaurants, bathrooms and even water fountains.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Court case in Louisiana about a black man riding on a whites only white train car
Black man said he was a paying customer and could ride in any car he chose
Railroad said he could ride only in the car for blacks
The case went to the Supreme Court which said the Railroad could make blacks and whites ride in different cars as long as the cars were equal. This is known as the "Separate but equal" ruling which set up segregation
Disenfranchisement -Ways to keep Blacks from Voting
Poll Tax - $ had to be paid in order to vote
Primary and General Elections
Had to win smaller general elections in order to run in the Primary (MAIN) election for office
White Primary
refers to the fact that most Primary Elections had only White candidates for office.
Literacy Test- had to pass a test proving you could read and write in order to vote but you could vote if you met one of the requirement listed below
-There were Exemptions for people that displayed good and moral behavior
-Let people vote if they understood the duties and obligations of good citizens
-Allowed you to vote if you owned 40 acres of land or had or $ 500 taxable property
-Grandfather clause (veteran)- if your grandfather fought in the war then you could vote
Racial violence
Worse than the other methods of Disfranchisement was the use of violence
Organizations such as the KKK would stand near polling/voting stations and scare the black community away from voting.
They would "visit" those that did vote and either threaten, beat, or kill them.
This, of course, was illegal but it was done under the cover of darkness and in many cases the local authorities did not investigate it much.
Later, during the organized civil rights movement, the difficulties of the black population would catch the attention of the "North" and steps would be taken to end segregation.
c. Explain the roles of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope,and Alonzo Herndon.
Influential Georgians
Booker T. Washington – Founder and president of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Outspoken black leader promoting equality of races urging races to work together and change would eventually take place
W.E.B. Dubois – Author and Professor at Atlanta University that promoted the equality of blacks but wanted radical change, wanted black respect (lived in Albany)
John and Lugenia Burns Hope – John became first black president of Morehouse College in 1906; close friends with DuBois and shared same views. Wife organized "Neighborhood Union" to help poor and underprivileged
Alonzo Herndon – former slave who started cutting hair after slavery ended. Began buying property with his $ and later founded what is today the Atlanta Life Insurance Company worth millions of $$$ was one of the wealthiest Atlanta businessmen –black or white
d. Give reasons for World War I and describe Georgia’s contributions.
World War I
August 1914, War broke out in Europe between the Central Powers led by Germany, and Austria Hungary and the Allied Powers led by France, Great Britain, and Russia.
The United States declared itself neutral and said the war was a European affair and did not involve the United States.
Many Americans and many Georgians did not agree with that feeling and found ways to join the war.
Germany had sunk the British Ocean Liner Lusitania in 1915 killing 128 Americans which raised anger against Germany
President Woodrow Wilson won re-election in 1916 based on the campaign promise to keep the U.S. out of war but in 1917, Germany submarines continued to sink U.S. trade ships carrying Supplies and passengers after Wilson had warned them to stop.
The U.S.A. declared War in April 1917 after discovering the "Zimmerman Telegram" in which Germany asked Mexico to attack the U.S and for their help they’d get all of SouthWest U.S.
Georgia and WWI
Even before the entry of the U.S. into WWI, people were finding a way to help the British and their allies.
Eugene Jacques Bullard’s grandfather had been a slave and Bullard had heard his father speak of countries where blacks and whites lived together as equals. France was one of those countries so he left Ga, traveled to France and joined their army.He was wounded twice and when found unfit for the army he joined the air force becoming a decorated pilot. When the U.S. entered the War, he offered his services to his home country but he was denied. He remained in France after the War but returned to the U.S. in later years.
Most black servicemen were thought unfit for battle so they worked on roads, as mechanics and other things.
The army was highly segregated into black and white units.
With bases such as Ft. McPherson, Camp Gordon and Camp Benning, Georgia became an important training site for the army.
November 1918, the War ended with the Allied Victory.
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