1st Semester Practice Exam

1st Semester Practice Exam

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Which city is not located on Georgia’s Fall Line?
a.Columbus
b.Macon
c.Augusta
d.Athens


____ 2. Which geographic feature is not located in Georgia’s physiographic system?
a.
Rocky Mountains
b.
Blue Ridge Mountains
c.
Appalachian Mountains
d.
Piedmont Plateau


____ 3. Which is not a typical consequence of droughts in Georgia?
a.
Fire warnings
b.
Water conservation measures
c.
Shrubs flourish or thrive
d.
Lawns turn brown


____ 4. Which is not an advantage of Georgia’s mild climate?
a.
Long growing season for agriculture
b.
Four separate, distinct seasons of the year
c.
Low costs for heat and air conditioning
d.
Minimum weather-related absences from work or school


____ 5. Which statement describes a way that the barrier islands protect the mainland?
a.
They channel ocean saltwater away from inland rivers, creeks, and streams.
b.
They block storms, such as hurricanes and nor’easters, from reaching the mainland.
c.
They block much of the wind, sands, and water that could cause erosion on the mainland.
d.
They lower tides so that Georgia does not experience damage from high tides.


____ 6. Which climate characteristic would not attract new businesses or industries to the state?
a.
Georgia’s mild climate makes fuel costs economical for businesses or industries.
b.
Georgia’s mild climate makes weather-related absences from work a rare occurrence.
c.
Georgia’s moderate climate allows transportation routes to be open almost all of the time.
d.
Georgia’s moderate climate provides many different seasonal employment opportunities.

____ 7. The largest geographical region is the
a.
Ridge and Valley region.
b.
Coastal Plain region.
c.
Appalachian Plateau region.
d.
Piedmont Plateau region.


____ 8. Which statement best describes the geographical regions of Georgia?
a.
Three of the regions have a combined land area smaller than that of the Piedmont Plateau.
b.
The geographical regions of Georgia contain good farmland.
c.
The Coastal Plain region is more than twice the size of the other four regions combined.
d.
The smallest region in land area is the Blue Ridge region.


____ 9. Those rivers that form part of Georgia’s borders with neighboring states are the
a.
Chattahoochee, Flint, and Altamaha rivers.
b.
Flint, Savannah, and Ogeechee rivers.
c.
Savannah, Chattahoochee, and St. Marys rivers.
d.
Oconee, St. Marys, and Flint rivers.


____ 10. Which is not a benefit of Georgia’s manmade lakes?
a.
They provide natural groundwater storage.
b.
They provide hydroelectric power.
c.
They provide excellent recreation facilities.
d.
They supply cities with water.


____ 11. Based on what you learned about the different regions, why would the Coastal Plain use more water for irrigation than the Ridge and Valley region?
a.
The Coastal Plain is a larger region than the Ridge and Valley region.
b.
The Coastal Plain is the state’s major agricultural region and grows more farm products.
c.
The Coastal Plain is nearer the ocean and loses more water to ocean run-off.
d.
The Ridge and Valley region does not lose much irrigation water to steep run-offs.
____ 12. Which river forms part of Georgia’s eastern border?
a.
The Coosa River
b.
The Savannah River
c.
The Altamaha River
d.
The Etowah River


____ 13. Which river forms a border between Georgia and Florida?
a.
The Coosa River
b.
The Altamaha River
c.
The Savannah River
d.
The St. Marys River


____ 14. Which was not a part of the prehistoric Indian culture in Georgia?
a.
Mississippian
b.
Woodland
c.
Paleo
d.
Creek


____ 15. Which factor resulted in prehistoric Indians settling in groups in a permanent area?
a.
Large game was abundant.
b.
The Indians began to cultivate plants as foods.
c.
Prehistoric Indians followed herds of large animals.
d.
Prehistoric Indians wanted to band together for protection.


____ 16. Which statement explains why archaeologists consider prehistoric Indians to have believed in some form of life after death?
a.
The legends of an afterlife were passed down from generation to generation until today.
b.
Burial mounds for the dead contained items such as tools, tobacco pipes, and weapons.
c.
Their pictographs and cave drawings depicted a spiritual world after the living world.
d.
Their tribal centers had churches for worship.



____ 17. Which statement best explains the information on the map?
a.
The east coast of the United States has not changed in 20,000 years.
b.
There is less land in the world today than 20,000 years ago.
c.
Florida was a peninsula 20,000 years ago.
d.
The British Isles were islands 20,000 years ago.



____ 18. According to the map, which section of Georgia has no mounds?
a.
Northwest
b.
Southwest
c.
Northeast
d.
Southeast


____ 19. What does the information on the map tell you about the moundbuilders?
a.
The moundbuilders lived throughout Georgia.
b.
The moundbuilders mostly settled along the coast.
c.
The moundbuilders built cone-shaped mounds.
d.
The moundbuilders believed in an afterlife.


____ 20. Which country was not a major colonizer of the New World?
a.
France
b.
Spain
c.
England
d.
Italy


____ 21. Which group of people could become colonists in Georgia according to its charter?
a.
Liquor dealers
b.
Methodists
c.
Blacks
d.
Lawyers


____ 22. Which was not a likely cause of disease and fatalities in Georgia’s initial year?
a.
Lack of fresh vegetables
b.
Indian epidemics
c.
Changes in climate
d.
Hard physical labor


____ 23. Which was not a major source of discontent with Georgia’s early colonists?
a.
A ban on slavery
b.
A ban on Catholicism
c.
Restrictions on rum and alcohol
d.
Restrictions on land inheritances


____ 24. Which was not a primary motive for European explorations in the New World?
a.
Discovery of new trade routes, gold, and riches
b.
Learning new agricultural methods and techniques
c.
Gaining world power and position as a nation
d.
Bringing Christianity to the New World natives and escaping religious persecution


____ 25. Which definition best explains the British policy known as “mercantilism?”
a.
A trade policy whereby a nation imports less than it exports
b.
A military policy for defending colonial outposts
c.
A trade policy that calls for opening trade routes to the Far East
d.
A military policy that calls for establishing buffer colonies to protect established British settlements




____ 26. Which definition best describes a royal colony during the colonial period?
a.
A colony that was governed by a set of trustees
b.
A colony that was governed by charter owners
c.
A colony that was governed by the king of England
d.
A colony that was governed by its citizens


____ 27. Which statement best describes Georgia’s first government as a royal colony?
a.
The government consisted of a unicameral legislature representing Georgia’s eight counties.
b.
The government had a bicameral legislature representing Georgia’s eight parishes.
c.
The government included a House of Commons and a House of Assembly, patterned after the government of Great Britain, representing all of the state.
d.
The government was made up of an Advisory Council appointed by the king of England.


____ 28. Which statement best describes how the French and Indian War led to America’s Revolutionary War?
a.
England gained control of Canada and tried to use Canada’s tax structure on the thirteen colonies.
b.
France lost the Louisiana Territory and the Southern Colonies argued with Great Britain over claims to the newly acquired land.
c.
France, which was bitter over losing the war to Great Britain, incited rebellion in the colonies and enticed Spain to move into the territories of the British colonists.
d.
Great Britain was heavily in debt after the war and tried to recover monies by taxing colonies based on the idea that the war had been necessary to protect the colonies from the French.


____ 29. Which statement best describes the effect of the French and Indian War on Georgia’s growth and development?
a.
Georgia gained new lands, new water access for shipping, ample farmland, and rich forests for timber and naval stores.
b.
Georgia gained many new settlers who were living in the lands that were added to Georgia’s colonial boundaries.
c.
Georgia took possession of several key French forts, which added to the defenses of Georgia against the Spanish.
d.
Once the French and the Indian tribes were defeated and no longer a threat to Georgia, the colony prospered in a stable and peaceful environment.


____ 30. Which statement best explains why anti-British sentiment was less in Georgia than in the other colonies during the Revolutionary period?
a.
Georgia had more British settlers than the other colonies who were more loyal to Great Britain.
b.
Georgia was far younger as a colony than the other colonies, and it still needed much support from Great Britain.
c.
Georgia was not as successful as the other colonies, and it could not afford to raise funds to fight the British.
d.
Georgia had a much smaller population than the other colonies, and it did not have enough men for an army to fight the British.


____ 31. Which statement best describes a weakness of Georgia’s first state constitution?
a.
Georgia’s first constitution outlined a government based on the separation of powers among different branches.
b.
Georgia’s first constitution established a unicameral legislature with strong powers, including the power to appoint the governor and control his actions.
c.
Georgia’s first constitution did away with the existing parishes and established eight counties.
d.
Georgia’s first constitution established a one-year term of office for the governor.


____ 32. What was a major weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
a.
The federal government represented all thirteen states.
b.
The Articles of Confederation could be revised.
c.
The Articles of Confederation was not ratified by all the states.
d.
The federal government had little power.


____ 33. Which statement best describes a “land grant university,” like the University of Georgia?
a.
The land for the college was donated by the federal government.
b.
The college was established as an agricultural college to improving farming.
c.
The college was a public university.
d.
The land could never be used for any purpose other than a college.


____ 34. In 1830 what requirement did the Georgia legislature set on whites who lived on Cherokee lands?
a.
They could not keep the gold that was found on those lands.
b.
They had to take an oath of allegiance to the governor of the state.
c.
They could not file legal claims to land ownership.
d.
They had to give up state and federal citizenship.



____ 35. According to the map, which city benefitted the most from the early railroads in Georgia?
a.
Savannah
b.
Macon
c.
Augusta
d.
Atlanta


____ 36. From information on the map, why was Atlanta at one time called Terminus?
a.
Because all the railroads ended there
b.
Because a majority of the railroads went through the city
c.
Because no major railroad went through the city
d.
Because it was the end of the longest railroad line


____ 37. Which definition best explains the “Missouri Compromise”?
a.
It allowed slavery in Maine but did not allow slavery in Missouri.
b.
It required that slaves captured in free states be returned to slave states.
c.
It maintained a balance of power between slave and free states.
d.
It said that Missouri could have slavery.


____ 38. Which statement does not explain how the Dred Scott decision pushed the nation closer to war?
a.
The Supreme Court ruled against abolitionists saying slaves were not citizens.
b.
The Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could not stop slavery in territories.
c.
The Supreme Court upheld the legal rights of the southern states and their institution of slavery.
d.
The Supreme Court ruled that slave owners had to be reimbursed for slaves who escaped on the underground railroad.


____ 39. Which was an organized escape plan for southern slaves fleeing their owners?
a.
The slave revolt
b.
The slave code
c.
The underground railroad
d.
The Fugitive Slave Law


____ 40. Which result of the Compromise of 1850 did not benefit the North?
a.
California joined the Union as a free state.
b.
Slave trading was ended in the District of Columbia.
c.
Texas did not annex New Mexico as a slave territory.
d.
Congress passed a law allowing fugitive slaves to be returned to their owners.


____ 41. Which statement does not describe a major difference between the North and South during the antebellum period?
a.
The South was agricultural while the North was industrial.
b.
The South allowed slavery while the North did not.
c.
The North favored high tariffs on imported goods while the South did not.
d.
Both the North and the South believed their interests were best for whole nation.


____ 42. Which statement does not describe an advantage of the Union forces during the Civil War?
a.
The North had a “standing,” or established, army and navy.
b.
The North had heavy railroad tracks and more miles of track.
c.
The North had many more factories that could produce war materials.
d.
The North had home-field advantage because most battles were fought in their states.


____ 43. Which Union tactic caused the most damage to the South’s economy during the Civil War?
a.
Gaining control of the ports on the Mississippi River
b.
Dividing southern forces in half and isolating the Deep South
c.
Establishing blockades of southern seaports
d.
Destroying Atlanta and much of Georgia on Sherman’s “March to the Sea”



____ 44. What was the purpose of the blockade shown in the map?
a.
To cut off southern trade
b.
To keep the Confederate navy in port
c.
To frighten the Confederate civilians
d.
To keep slaves from escaping


____ 45. Which statement best describes the purpose of the Freedmen’s Bureau during Reconstruction?
a.
To help the newly freed slaves adjust to their freedom
b.
To register newly freed slaves to vote
c.
To manage the distribution of farm land and animals to newly freed slaves
d.
To provide education, training, and social services for newly freed slaves


____ 46. Which statement best describes the difference between sharecropping and tenant farming?
a.
Sharecroppers owned nothing but their labor, while tenant farmers owned farm animals and equipment to use in working other people’s lands.
b.
Sharecroppers received a percentage of the crops produced and could set aside cash money to purchase their own land, while tenant farmers had difficulty saving cash.
c.
Tenant farmers received a cash salary or wage for their farm work, while sharecroppers received only a portion of the crops they raised.
d.
Tenant farmers earned equity or an interest in the land they worked from year to year so that eventually they would own their own property.


____ 47. Which statement best describes the reason behind the move of Georgia’s capital to Atlanta from Milledgeville?
a.
Most of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1867 were carpetbaggers and scalawags.
b.
The state was under a military governorship in 1867, and the military headquarters was in Atlanta.
c.
Many of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1867 were blacks who were denied lodging in Milledgeville hotels.
d.
The Republicans were in power in the city of Atlanta, and the Democrats were in power in Milledgeville.


____ 48. Which statement best explains why northern businessmen invested money to build Georgia’s textile industry after the Civil War?
a.
Georgia had plenty of cotton, abundant land and water, and inexpensive labor to supply and operate textile mills.
b.
Georgia had plenty of railroads and major seaports for transporting cotton and textile products when the Civil War ended.
c.
Georgia was one of the few southern states to retain capital (cash money and investments) after the Civil War.
d.
Georgia was one of the few southern states to avoid violence and terrorism after the war ended.


____ 49. Which statement best explains why the term “Bourbon Triumvirate” was most appropriate for Joseph Brown, Alfred Colquitt, and John Gordon?
a.
All three Georgia leaders shared a strong belief in white supremacy or white superiority.
b.
The three men were political rulers drawn together in a close relationship by power and political goals.
c.
The three men were known for excessive business practices and high personal profit motives.
d.
The three Georgia leaders ruled the state consecutively for a period of over thirty years.


____ 50. Because of her reform activities, which group would not have supported Rebecca Latimer Felton?
a.
Supporters of the temperance movement to forbid the manufacture, sale, and use of alcohol
b.
Supporters of educational opportunities for all citizens of the state
c.
Supporters of the suffrage movement to gain voting rights for women
d.
Supporters of the convict lease system to use leased labor for public works projects


____ 51. Which description most clearly reflects the meaning of the phrase New South?
a.
The South showed a new economic growth and prosperity after the Reconstruction and Redemption periods.
b.
The South began to change in the areas of business, industrialization, agriculture, race relations, and social change.
c.
The South reflected new ways of thinking and made huge strides in social, cultural, economic, and political areas.
d.
The agricultural South was gone, and the state needed to develop new industries to compete with the North.


____ 52. Which statement best explains the growth of Georgia’s textile industry during the late 1800s?
a.
Georgia had abundant supplies of the two essential raw materials for textiles -- cotton and wool.
b.
Georgia had abundant water resources to provide power for textile mills.
c.
Georgia had a strong educational system, which trained workers with special skills and expertise in textiles.
d.
Georgia’s water resources, network of railroad lines, supply of cotton, and coastal seaports made textiles profitable.


____ 53. In 1915, Georgia’s juvenile court system
a.
defined juveniles as youths under the age of 18.
b.
tried and punished juveniles in a manner different from that used for adults.
c.
imprisoned juveniles with other youths or with old or sick inmates.
d.
gave juveniles who were convicted of a crime the same rights as adult criminals.


____ 54. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution gave women the right to vote?
a.
Fifteenth Amendment
b.
Twentieth Amendment
c.
Eighteenth Amendment
d.
Nineteenth Amendment


____ 55. Which statement was not true of Georgia’s county unit system?
a.
By uniting, the state’s smaller counties could decide state elections.
b.
By uniting, the state’s 8 largest counties could decide state elections.
c.
The 121 smallest counties had two unit votes each.
d.
The 8 largest counties had 6 unit votes each.


____ 56. Booker T. Washington did not believe that
a.
vocational education was essential for African Americans who sought equality.
b.
economic equality was much more important than social equality for African Americans.
c.
political and social equality for African Americans would come from economic independence.
d.
truth and knowledge would cause different races to understand and accept each other.


____ 57. Which organization was not established to bring about racial equality in the United States?
a.
National Urban League
b.
Ku Klux Klan
c.
NAACP
d.
Niagara Movement


____ 58. What countries were allies (on the same side) in World War I?
a.
Great Britain, France, United States, Russia
b.
Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary
c.
United States, France, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain
d.
Germany, Japan, Russia


____ 59. The “final blow” that led President Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war against the Central Powers led by Germany in World War I was
a.
the sinking of Lusitania.
b.
the Zimmermann telegram.
c.
anti-German propaganda in the U.S.
d.
attacks on American merchant ships.


____ 60. At which Georgia military installation was infantry trained in World War I?
a.
Camp Gordon
b.
Fort McPherson
c.
Camp Benning
d.
Camp Augusta


____ 61. Which is not associated with World War I?
a.
General John Pershing
b.
Victory gardens
c.
The American Red Cross
d.
The sinking of the Titanic


____ 62. In the 1920s, Georgia was not affected by
a.
a prolonged drought.
b.
boll weevils.
c.
the loss of thousands of working farms.
d.
a jump in cotton production and prices.


____ 63. Which statement does not describe a reason for the movement of black farmers to the North during the Great Migration?
a.
Health care for African Americans was better in the North than in the South.
b.
Southern public schools for African Americans were poor.
c.
The South restricted the voting rights of African Americans.
d.
Southern agricultural practices were better than northern agricultural methods.


____ 64. During the Roaring Twenties, females did not
a.
use lipstick and rouge.
b.
wear tight skirts and long petticoats.
c.
wear short, bobbed hair styles.
d.
party without a chaperone.


____ 65. Which was not common during the Great Depression?
a.
Public assistance housing
b.
Soup kitchens
c.
Bartering practices
d.
Migrations in search of work


____ 66. The New Deal programs were intended to
a.
improve national trade policies and taxes.
b.
reduce segregation.
c.
reform the government.
d.
relieve the suffering of the unemployed.


____ 67. What woman was a member of Roosevelt’s “Black Cabinet?”
a.
Rebecca Latimer Felton
b.
Margaret Mitchell
c.
Mary McLeod Bethune
d.
Eleanor Roosevelt


____ 68. Which improvement in farming in Georgia is not due to the Rural Electrification Authority?
a.
Electric water pumps
b.
Electric milking machines
c.
Frozen food processing
d.
Electric lights


____ 69. Which dictator was the leader of Germany during World War II?
a.
Joseph Stalin
b.
Benito Mussolini
c.
Adolph Hitler
d.
Emperor Hirohito


____ 70. Before it officially entered World War II, the United States helped Great Britain by
a.
selling and leasing ships, arms, and supplies.
b.
sinking German submarines that attacked British ships.
c.
escorting British merchant ships in the Pacific.
d.
escorting British warships in Atlantic waters.


____ 71. During World War II, young people in Georgia support the armed forces by
a.
purchasing defense stamps and war bonds.
b.
making candles to send to England
c.
picking up newspapers.
d.
picking milkweed floss for use in making parachutes.

Standard 8H12

SS8H12 The student will explain the importance of significant social, economic,and political developments in Georgia since 1970.

a. Evaluate the consequences of the end of the county unit system and reapportionment.
County Unit System
-The county unit system was established in 1917 when the Georgia legislature, overwhelmingly dominated by the Democratic Party, passed the Neill Primary Act.
-This allowed rural counties to control Georgia elections by minimizing the impact of the growing urban centers, particularly Atlanta
-Each county was given a certain number of votes and the candidate who received the highest number of votes in that county won all their 'unit votes',
-in March 1962 the Supreme Court ruled that all citizens' votes should have equal weight and that the county unit system violated the principle of "one man, one vote."
-This system had been designed to keep black candidates from gaining a spot on the election ballot
-In 1964 the Federal Courts ruled that Ga must reapportion (Draw New Lines) its voting districts to ensure districts of EQUAL population sizes. (Ex. Black / White or City / Rural)

Reapportionment
-The End of the County Unit system and in the implementation of Reapportionment meant more equal representation for the voters of Ga.
-No longer could one group hold the advantage over another group and control the politics of Ga
-It changed campaign styles and election methods.
-Reapportionment now takes place every ten years to reflect shifts in population demographics

b. Describe the role of Jimmy Carter in Georgia as state senator, governor, president, and past president.

Jimmy Carter
-Small time farmer from Plains, Ga.
-Graduated from the Naval Academy
-Became Gov of Ga in 1970
-Became President in 1976
-He created the Dept of Education
-Appointed many Blacks, Hispanics and Women to high level positions
-Best remembered for Camp David Arab Israeli Peace Talks
-Established trade with China
-Established the Carter Center which focuses on Civil rights around the world and enhance freedom and democracy
-Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002

c. Analyze the impact of the rise of the two-party system in Georgia.
Two Party System

Democrats mostly
-believe in The good of the group
-believe in Easy money policies
-Are identified with the Old South and people in Rural areas
Republicans mostly
-Believe in the strength of the individual
-Believe in hard money policies
-Are identified with the New South and people in business and urban areas

d. Evaluate the effect of the 1996 Olympic Games on Georgia.

1996 Olympics
-Brought world wide attention to Ga
-Visitors from all over the globe
-Business interests sparked
-Bombing received attention
-Made Atlanta truly an International City

e. Evaluate the importance of new immigrant communities to the growth and economy of Georgia

Immigrant Communities
-One of the fastest growing sectors of the population of GA
-Korean, Chinese, Asian Cultures Flooding Atlanta
-Growing Hispanic population
-New Foods business ideas
-New strains on the community such as education and public services such as roads, water/sewer systems

Standard 8H11

SS8H11 The student will evaluate the role of Georgia in the modern civil rightsmovement.

a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board ofEducation, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag.

1940s-1950s
• During this period there was a lot of civil unrest. Blacks were tired of discrimination and many whites still believed in separation of the races. This separation led to protests and violence on both sides but with the most injustice being done to the black population.
• The country also experienced a “baby boom” due to all the servicemen returning from war.
• Many women chose to remain in the workplace rather than return home as before WWII.
• College and home ownership became a reality for many due to the passage of the G.I. Bill which helped returning servicemen get college $$ or low interest loans.

Herman Talmadge
• In a special election in 1948 and again in the regular election of 1950, Talmadge was elected Governor of Ga
• While in office he
– restructured the state highway department
– Created the Georgia Forestry Commission
– Improved the state conservation programs, prison systems, and county health programs
– Led the state in writing a new Constitution that changed school to grades 1-12.
– Helped to secure passage of the Minimum Foundation Program for Education Act which lengthened the school year to 9 months and raised standards for buildings, equipment, transportation, and curriculum

1946 Election for GA Gov.
• After Reconstruction, the Democratic party regained control of the South and began to run “White Primaries” These were party elections that chose candidates to run for office. They prohibited or made it extremely difficult for ANY black person to vote or obtain enough votes to run for office.
• After White primaries were outlawed, blacks were allowed to vote for the 1st time since reconstruction.
• In the 1946 elections for GA Gov, Ellis Arnall could not be re-elected since his term expired.Blacks helped gain the popular vote for Gov to James Carmichael who ran the Bell Aircraft Plant in Marietta during WWII. Arnall’s arch rival and segregationist Eugene Talmadge won the County Unit vote and won the primary to become the state’s democratic candidate. He was unopposed as there was no Republican Candidate.
1946 Election for GA Gov.
• Eugene Talmadge was 62 and in bad health so his buddies came up with a plan to keep control of Ga in case of his death.
• They got a bunch of their friends to “write in” Eugene’s son’s name, Herman Talmadge, in the blank for second choice for Gov.
• Eugene Talmadge won the election BUT DIED before taking office. Gov. Arnall declared that the Lieutenant Gov Melvin Thompson, should take over but the Ga legislature proclaimed Herman Talmadge Gov due to the # of write in votes that were conveniently “found” after Eugene’s death.
• Talmadge’s buddies secretly invaded the Capitol building and changed all the locks on the doors and when Arnall showed up the next morning, he could not get in.
• Finally, The GA Supreme Court ruled that the rightful Gov was Melvin Thompson, but agreed to hold a special election in 1948 to help resolve matters and in 1948 Herman Talmadge defeated Thompson.
Civil Rights
• The 1946 election just proved how committed some Georgians were to the idea of Segregation even though there was a growing movement for integration and equality.

• Brown v. Board of Education (1956)
– It overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling that it was okay to have separate schools as long as all goods, services, transportation, and equipment were equal.
– It said that “ALL public school would desegregate with all deliberate speed.”
– While it ordered integration, it did not give “specific” timetables
– In Ga, there was strong resistance to integration and Gov Vandiver was re-elected partly on his promise to keep schools segregated.
• The Sibley Commission was founded to investigate the integration issue and found that many Georgians would rather close the schools than integrate
1956 flag
• In 1956, during the heated topic of integration, the Ga General Assembly voted to change the state flag from a vertical blue field on the left and two red horizontal stripes divided by one white stripe to a flag that incorporated the St. Andrews Cross which was the Confederate Battle Flag Emblem.
• Many believe the change was a protest to the Brown v. Board of Education Ruling on Segregation.
• Most Blacks found the change offensive and as a reminder of slavery.
• Some whites, such as the Daughters of the Confederacy, did not support the change either.

Martin Luther King Jr.
• 3rd Generation minister that grew up and lived in Atlanta
• In 1944, at 15 years old, he entered Morehouse University in Atlanta
• Ordained into the ministry in1947 at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta while he was attending seminary at Crozer theological Seminary in Pennsylvania.
• He believed in a Non-violent approach to social change based on the writings of Henry David Thoreau and Mahatma Ghandi.
• He believed in a four prong approach to gain civil rights
– 1) direct, non-violent action
– 2)legal remedies
– 3) Ballots
– 4) Economic Boycotts

b. Analyze the role Georgia and prominent Georgians played in the Civil RightsMovement of the 1960s and 1970s; include such events as the founding of theStudent Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Sibley Commission, admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to the University of Georgia, Albany Movement, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act, theelection of Maynard Jackson as mayor of Atlanta, and the role of Lester Maddox

Civil Rights Movement 1960s-70s
• As the Civil Rights issue heated up, more support came from the North.
• MLK organized sit-ins, lie-ins, boycotts, and protests often with the help of people (black and white) bussed in from the North
• MLK founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) which worked for Civil Rights
• The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded in 1960 to publicize and organize sit-in demonstrations.
• The “March on Washington” for Jobs and Freedom took place on 8-28-1963. It was led by MLK and attended by 250,000 people. It was one of the first nationally televised events and was where King made his “I have a dream…” speech.
• Civil Rights Act – A series of act signed by the President that guaranteed the same civil rights to all U.S. citizens such as voting and access to public facilities

Albany Movement
• In 1955,the Supreme Court prohibited segregation in interstate bus abs and train terminals.
• In 1961, in Albany, Ga., Not only were the terminals still segregated but so were the schools and other facilities even though the towns population was 40% black.
• The NAACP and the SNCC decided to test the Albany policy of segregation. They entered the “whites only” waiting room and were quickly arrested. In December, “Freedom Riders” (people who supported integration and equality) came come from all over the North and South to “sit-it” the bus terminal. They were also arrested bringing National attention to Albany, Ga. The Next day SNCC organized a march of Black students to the same train station where the freedom riders were arrested. These students were arrested and jailed while the Nation watched.
• Such attention forced Albany to form a biracial committee to review its policies

School Integration
• In 1960, recognizing the coming change in social attitude toward integration and the influence of the Federal Gov’t, the GA General Assembly formed the Sibley commission to investigate public opinion of school integration.
• The commission found that by a 3-2 margin, Georgians would rather shut down the school system rather than integrate.
• The Supreme Court and Federal Gov’t did not back down.
• On 1-6-1961n Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes became the first black students at the University of Ga. despite many protests from students and faculty. Backing and overseeing their admission was Gov. Vandiver (who one time opposed integration) and state patrol officers.
• Hunter graduated and became a successful newspaper and TV reporter before returning to UGA to give the Commencement address in 1988.
• Holmes became a successful orthopedic surgeon in Atlanta.
Atlanta and the Civil Rights Movement
• Atlanta was very resistant to change under the leadership of Talmadge and other governors but with Gov. Vandiver, even though he was a segregationist at first, integration was smoother in Ga than in other states.
• In large cities such as Los Angeles, Boston, Newark and Birmingham, there were huge race riots but in Atlanta things were smooth.
• Under the leadership of governors such as Hartsfield and Allen, Atlanta became and integrated city and was the role for the rest of Ga and other cities in the U.S. The Atlanta school system was the first LARGE school system to integrate. Gov Allen ordered all “Whites” and “Blacks” signs removed from the Courthouse. Movie theaters opened to Blacks and public restaurants began to accept Black patrons. City transportation allowed mixed traffic.
• In1969, Atlanta was praised by Time magazine as an “oasis of tolerance”

Lester Maddox
• Became Gov of Ga in 1967
• Surprised many people by appointing more blacks to state boards and commissions than all previous governors combined.
• Named the first black member to the Board of Pardons and Paroles
• Reformed state prisons
• Integrated the State Patrol
• Increased spending on teacher salaries and schools.
• Established a peoples day where twice a month people could visit the Gov mansion to discuss whatever they wish

Atlanta's Minority Leaders
• Atlanta began to show her diversity with the election of Sam Massell a Jewish mayor and the followed with the election of Maynard Jackson, Andrew Young, Bill Campbell, and Shirley Jackson, all Black Mayors.
• Maynard Jackson – sworn into office in 1974 becoming the youngest and first black mayor. He was known for giving neighborhood a voice in city politics, expanding the Airport, restructuring the fire and police dept. and helping to get the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta.
• Andrew Young –Worked alongside of MLK for Civil Rights and became mayor of Atlanta after Jackson. He was instrumental in getting the Olympics and went on to serve as an Ambassador fromt eh U.S.

c. Discuss the impact of Andrew Young on Georgia

Andrew Young
• Worked alongside of MLK for Civil Rights and became mayor of Atlanta after Jackson. He was instrumental in getting the Olympics and went on to serve as an Ambassador from the U.S.
• He brought world wide focus to Ga helping to stimulate international business trade with industries in GA

Standard 8H10

SS8H10 The student will evaluate key post-World War II developments of Georgiafrom 1945 to 1970.

a. Analyze the impact of the transformation of agriculture on Georgia’s growth.

Georgia Economics
• Ga began as a colony focused on Agriculture with the hopes of raising indigo, rice, spices, and even mulberry trees from which Silk worms would produce silk for export.
• This plan did not work out but Ga continued as an agricultural society growing rice and eventually cotton. Cotton became the cash crop in the late 1700s through the 1920s. As new varieties of cotton were developed Ga began to grow the cotton further inland following the fall line which was perfect for powering cotton mills. The cotton gin helped Ga process cotton much faster and the crop grew in importance.
• In the 1920s the Boll Weevil almost wiped out cotton and continued to be problem into the 1990s.
• Ga had to find new cash crops and turned to peanuts, corn, peaches, and pecans.
• Ga also began to see the need for diversification and industry.

b. Explain how the development of Atlanta, including the roles of mayors William B. Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, Jr., and major league sports, contributed to the growth of Georgia

Atlanta and Ga Growth
• The symbol for Atlanta is a mythical phoenix rising from the ashes of a fire which is exactly what Atlanta did after Sherman burnt it to the ground at the end of the Civil War.
• Atlanta is one of the largest cities in the Southeast U.S. and is a crucial hub for air, car, and rail traffic. Atlanta blends industry and agriculture to achieve maximum economic profit.
• William B. Hartsfield served as Atlanta’s mayor from 1937-1961. He helped make Atlanta a transportation hub as well as sought to make Atlanta biracial city where everyone worked together. He hired black police officers, He helped integrate schools and end segregated public café’s.
• Ted Turner pioneered cable TV and with this, he made the Atlanta Braves a household fixture. This helped bring National attention to Ga. and helped show that the South (GA) was not as “backward” as was thought.

c. Discuss the impact of Ellis Arnall.
• Elected in 1942 and was 1st governor to serve a 4 year term under the new Constitutional amendment.
• Took quick steps to make the board of regents independent of the Gov. office which led to the Southern Association of Colleges and Universities to restore accreditation to Ga Schools
• Removed the Prison system from under Gov. Control and established a Board of correction to oversee Prison System
• Abolished the Poll Tax and guided the state in writing a New ConstitutionIs Best remembered for arguing that “Boys old enough to go to war should also be old enough to vote” which led to GA being the first state to let 18 year olds vote

Standard 8H9

SS8H9 The student will describe the impact of World War II on Georgia’s development economically, socially, and politically

a. Describe the impact of events leading up to American involvement in WorldWar II; include Lend-Lease and the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
WWII

• In the rebuilding of Germany in the 1930s, a man named Adolph Hitler rose to power promising to lead Germany out of Depression. He began to invade neighboring countries which led to World War II

• The United States again declared its neutrality and wanted to trade with both sides that were fighting but really began to help the British and her allies more than Germany and her partners.

• While remaining neutral, The U.S. struck up a LEND-Lease agreement with Great Britain. It was illegal to SELL war supplies but we could LEND or LEASE them to whomever we wanted.

• This made Germany mad. Germany had partnered up with Japan who disliked Russia and Japan wanted control of all Pacific Islands.

• Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on Dec7, 1941. FDR went to Congress and declared it “a day which would live in infamy” and the U.S. entered into WWII by declaring War on Japan.

b. Evaluate the importance of Bell Aircraft, military bases, the Savannah and Brunswick shipyards, Richard Russell, and Carl Vinson.

Georgia Industry during WWII
• As the U.S. entered WWII, the economy began to get better. Industries began to supply war material and people became employed.

• In Ga., as elsewhere, Men went war and for the first time in history women entered the workforce in huge numbers. They had to replace men in factories, shops, and on farms.

• Bell Aircraft Plant in Marietta built B29 bombers and employed 30000 people.

• Military bases employed large numbers of civilians and trained thousands of soldiers for war. The soldiers and bases spent $$ in the area and boosted the economy of Ga.

• The shipyards of Savannah and Brunswick employed workers to build “Liberty”ships to fight in the war. Together they produced 187 ships.

• These industries and war time efforts pulled our nation out of the Great Depression.

Georgia People during WWII

• Richard Russell
– Was Governor of Ga in 1931
– Established the Board of Regents to oversee colleges
– Served 38 years as a Senator from Ga.
– Believed in States Rights and Military preparedness

• Carl Vinson
– Served 25 consecutive terms in house of Representatives for Ga
– Responsible for many of Ga military bases
– Believed in a Strong National Defense
– Strengthened the Navy and Air Force
– Known as the the “Father of the Two Ocean Navy”

c. Explain the impact of the Holocaust on Georgians.

Holocaust
• One of Hitler's goals was to establish a “pure” race which meant that everyone was supposed to be fair skinned with blond hair and blue eyes
• He particularly disliked the Jews and began rounding them up and putting them in Work prisons called concentration camps.
• He treated them horribly starving many to death and mistreating many others. Families were torn apart.
• At one point in WWII he began the extermination of all Jews. He put them in gas chambers, incinerators, or lined them up and shot them in mass numbers.
• It is estimated that 6 million Jews were killed. That is like killing everyone in Atlanta and the 28 counties around it.
• When soldiers began liberating these camps, the world was shocked.
• The killing is called the “Holocaust”

d. Discuss the ties to Georgia that President Roosevelt had and his impact on the state.

FDR and GA
• Ga was the 2nd home to FDR.
• He built a place nicknamed the “Little Whitehouse” in Warm Springs Ga where he spent a lot of time
• FDR suffered from polio which left him on crutches and in a wheelchair.
• He invested time and money into the community turning the warm underground springs found in that location into swimming pools and treatment facilities for polio victims.
• He often toured Ga and met with the people.He was close friends with Carl Vinson, a fact that helped to establish military bases in Ga and not elsewhere.

Standard 8H8

SS8H8 The student will analyze the important events that occurred after World War I and their impact on Georgia.

a. Describe the impact of the boll weevil and drought on Georgia.

WWI Aftermath

With the End of WWI, the U.S.A. had established herself as a World Power.
Soldiers returning from overseas brought back new ideas and different views of the world and society.

The U.S. experienced a "Party Atmosphere" known as the Roaring 20s in which society was riding a wave of economic prosperity and times were great.

Farmers had produce massive quantities of cotton for wartime uniforms. Textile Mills made the uniforms and overall business was GREAT.
Women began to experience more freedom with the right to vote (19th Amendment)
In general LIFE WAS WONDERFUL.

Downfall

In the late 1890s an insect known as the Boll Weevil began to make its way from Mexico into Texas and eventually into GA.

This insect destroyed the Ga cotton crop in the mid 1920s and by 1929, Ga cotton production had dropped to almost 15 of its war time production.

To make matters worse, the worse drought in the states history hit in 1924.

Farmers began to go broke.

Banks that lent them $$ went Broke.

By 1929, the impact of banks over lending credit was felt and the Nation went into a depression.

Better jobs were in the North at Factories so a Great Migration of people left the South

Among this migration were many blacks who felt they would get better$$ and more equal rights in the North.

b. Explain economic factors that resulted in the Great Depression.

Great Depression

During the War, Europe was so busy fighting that many factories and farms were not in operation. Many people did not have jobs so the U.S. economy was growing rapidly to meet their demand but after the war ended and the people of Europe started rebuilding things slowly changed throughout the 1920s while the U.S. was having its "Party."

Causes of Great Depression
People had borrowed more money than they could repay

Factories produced more than they could sell

Farmers produced more food than in demand

All of these factors brought about Black Tuesday in which the Stock Market crashed (went broke) on Oct.29, 1929.

Banks had invested large amounts of $$ in stocks and when people found out the banks were short on cash they demanded their money. When the banks handed out all the cash on hand. The bank closed and people lost their savings.

d. Discuss the effect of the New Deal in terms of the impact of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Agricultural Adjustment Act, rural electrification, and Social Security

Great Depression Solutions

Herbert Hoover was the President at the start of the Great Depression but lost the office to Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)

Hoover had a policy of letting people dig out from their own problems but FDR believed the Government should set up programs to help the people. He called his program the "NEW DEAL."

FDR started Gov't jobs and programs such as the

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – this organization paid men a dollar a day for working on projects from building sewers to repairing state park facilities to improve the state

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) – this organization gave grants of money to property owners for farming. Tenant farmers and sharecroppers did not get $ since they did not own the land.
He also set about getting electricity to rural (country) areas of the United States and not just the cities. Ex.

Tennessee Valley Authority dammed up the Tenn. River to produce Electricity for North Ga
He also started the Social Security Program in which you get $ when you retire.

c. Discuss the impact of the political career of Eugene Talmadge.

Eugene Talmadge

Became Gov of Ga in 1933

Was opposed to FDR New Deal Policies

Was a conservative white supremacist that disliked federal Gov't involvement in the state and was very popular in GA

Often used force to get what he wanted and did not follow federal guidelines on New Deal Programs

He served 2 terms (2 years each) and then was re-elected in 1940.

His opposition to New Deal Policy ideas softened But he got into trouble when plans to integrate UGA and Georgia Southern were revealed. He opposed integration and fired several members of the faculty and Board of Regents that oversaw the schools.

His actions drew National attention to Ga and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools threatened to take accreditation from ALL white schools in GA.

People became upset with him and the Association.

Standard 8H7

SS8H7 The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes thatoccurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918
a. Evaluate the impact the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, InternationalCotton Exposition, Tom Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank Case, and the county unit system had on Georgia during this period.

Political and Social Changes
During the Reconstruction period, The Bourbon Triumvirate controlled Ga.
The Bourbon Triumvirate was the name given to 3 leading GA Democratic politicians (Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon) that wanted to Build stronger ties, trade relations with the North and Keep white supremacy alive in the South. Through their leadership the division between blacks and whites grew deeper.
The Republicans who were in favor of Equal rights for Blacks lost out to the Democrats who were white supremacist.
After the End of Reconstruction and All states had been Readmitted to the Union, there were still significant changes to be made

Influential Georgians
Henry Grady - Managing editor of Atlanta Constitution in 1880; promoted a "New South" in which new Agricultural methods would be used and an industry would be increased greatly; principal planner for the International Cotton Exposition which highlighted Georgia’s new industries.

Tom Watson – Leader of the Populists Party which fought for the "common man’s" rights against the rich man.He introduce Rural Free Delivery (RFD) which got mail delivered to you even if you lived in the country.

Rebecca Latimer Felton – leader of social reforms which included the temperance (anti-alcohol), women's suffrage, and equality movements. Helped to end Bourbon Triumvirate

Atlanta Happenings
1906 Atlanta Riot – Due to political and social unrest and distrust, blacks and whites feared each other. Newspapers reported numerous stories of assaults against whites by blacks. Politicians used these incidents to stir up feelings and gain support. On Sept. 22, 1906, Things came to a head. A crowd of 5000 blacks and whites met and fighting broke out. The result was the worst race riot of Ga History. Martial Law was declared for 2 days until tempers cooled down.

Leo Frank Case – Leo Frank was the superintendent at the National Pencil Factory and was accused of murdering Mary Phagan, a 14 year old factory employee. He was convicted with little evidence and mainly on the testimony of Jim Conley, a black janitor, who was also a suspect. Because there was a dislike of Jews and Frank was a Jew, he was sentenced to death. Ga. Gov. Slaton changed the sentence to "Life Imprisonment." 25 armed men stormed the Milledgeville Prison, got Frank, drove to Marietta and lynched him in Phagan’s front yard.

b. Analyze how rights were denied to African-Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial violence

Discrimination
Slavery had ended and the "South" had been Reconstructed but there were still racial tensions and many blacks were not allowed to vote even though they were guaranteed this right by the Constitution.

Jim Crow Laws were designed to keep blacks and whites separate at public places such as restaurants, bathrooms and even water fountains.

Plessy v. Ferguson
Court case in Louisiana about a black man riding on a whites only white train car
Black man said he was a paying customer and could ride in any car he chose
Railroad said he could ride only in the car for blacks
The case went to the Supreme Court which said the Railroad could make blacks and whites ride in different cars as long as the cars were equal. This is known as the "Separate but equal" ruling which set up segregation

Disenfranchisement -Ways to keep Blacks from Voting

Poll Tax - $ had to be paid in order to vote
Primary and General Elections
Had to win smaller general elections in order to run in the Primary (MAIN) election for office

White Primary
refers to the fact that most Primary Elections had only White candidates for office.

Literacy Test- had to pass a test proving you could read and write in order to vote but you could vote if you met one of the requirement listed below
-There were Exemptions for people that displayed good and moral behavior
-Let people vote if they understood the duties and obligations of good citizens
-Allowed you to vote if you owned 40 acres of land or had or $ 500 taxable property
-Grandfather clause (veteran)- if your grandfather fought in the war then you could vote

Racial violence
Worse than the other methods of Disfranchisement was the use of violence
Organizations such as the KKK would stand near polling/voting stations and scare the black community away from voting.
They would "visit" those that did vote and either threaten, beat, or kill them.
This, of course, was illegal but it was done under the cover of darkness and in many cases the local authorities did not investigate it much.
Later, during the organized civil rights movement, the difficulties of the black population would catch the attention of the "North" and steps would be taken to end segregation.

c. Explain the roles of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope,and Alonzo Herndon.

Influential Georgians
Booker T. Washington – Founder and president of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Outspoken black leader promoting equality of races urging races to work together and change would eventually take place
W.E.B. Dubois – Author and Professor at Atlanta University that promoted the equality of blacks but wanted radical change, wanted black respect (lived in Albany)
John and Lugenia Burns Hope – John became first black president of Morehouse College in 1906; close friends with DuBois and shared same views. Wife organized "Neighborhood Union" to help poor and underprivileged
Alonzo Herndon – former slave who started cutting hair after slavery ended. Began buying property with his $ and later founded what is today the Atlanta Life Insurance Company worth millions of $$$ was one of the wealthiest Atlanta businessmen –black or white

d. Give reasons for World War I and describe Georgia’s contributions.

World War I
August 1914, War broke out in Europe between the Central Powers led by Germany, and Austria Hungary and the Allied Powers led by France, Great Britain, and Russia.

The United States declared itself neutral and said the war was a European affair and did not involve the United States.

Many Americans and many Georgians did not agree with that feeling and found ways to join the war.
Germany had sunk the British Ocean Liner Lusitania in 1915 killing 128 Americans which raised anger against Germany

President Woodrow Wilson won re-election in 1916 based on the campaign promise to keep the U.S. out of war but in 1917, Germany submarines continued to sink U.S. trade ships carrying Supplies and passengers after Wilson had warned them to stop.

The U.S.A. declared War in April 1917 after discovering the "Zimmerman Telegram" in which Germany asked Mexico to attack the U.S and for their help they’d get all of SouthWest U.S.

Georgia and WWI
Even before the entry of the U.S. into WWI, people were finding a way to help the British and their allies.
Eugene Jacques Bullard’s grandfather had been a slave and Bullard had heard his father speak of countries where blacks and whites lived together as equals. France was one of those countries so he left Ga, traveled to France and joined their army.He was wounded twice and when found unfit for the army he joined the air force becoming a decorated pilot. When the U.S. entered the War, he offered his services to his home country but he was denied. He remained in France after the War but returned to the U.S. in later years.

Most black servicemen were thought unfit for battle so they worked on roads, as mechanics and other things.

The army was highly segregated into black and white units.

With bases such as Ft. McPherson, Camp Gordon and Camp Benning, Georgia became an important training site for the army.

November 1918, the War ended with the Allied Victory.

Standard SS8H6 Elements A, B, C

SS8H6 The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia

a. Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War; include slavery, states’ rights, nullification, Missouri Compromise,Compromise of 1850 and the Georgia Platform, Kansas-Nebraska Act, DredScott case, election of 1860, the debate over secession in Georgia, and the role of Alexander Stephens.

American Civil War
• Civil War refers to the fighting that occurs between opposing sides in the same country
• American Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865
• Fighting was between the Union (Northern part of the United States) and the Confederacy (Southern part of United States)
• Was over issues of State’s Rights and Slavery and Economics
States’ Rights
• This is the belief that the power of the Federal government is given to them by the Individual States (In other words the Federal Government can only do that which the States allow them to do.)
• If the Federal Gov’t tries to overstep its authority and enact laws contrary to what the States agree to, then the States can declare that law Null and Void (Nullification) and do not have to obey it
• This causes problems because then some states agree to new laws and some do not.

Slavery
• First Slaves arrived in United States in 1619
• Both North and South used slaves but the South used many more than the north for agricultural purposes.
• Slavery was NOT illegal in the U.S. but slave trade or importation of slaves from other countries had been made illegal by this time period.
• Most northern States began to oppose slavery while the South saw it as a “necessary evil”
• Questions arose over how to count slaves for representation in Congress (3/5 Compromise)
• More Questions were raised on whether to allow slavery to spread to new U.S. territories as they were acquired.
• In answer to these questions, several more compromises were written, voted upon, and passed by Congress

Missouri Compromise
• In 1819, there 11 Free States ( ones that did not allow slavery) and 11 Slave States (ones that did allow slavery) so the votes in the Senate were equal 22-22 between slave and free states.
• 1820 Missouri applied for statehood which would upset the balance in the Senate. In a compromise, Congress agreed to allow Missouri in as a Slave state while admitting Maine as a Free State. Also, all new territory above the 36 20 latitude line could NOT have slavery.
• This compromise ended the slave state verses free state issue BUT only for a short time.

Dred Scott Decision
• In1834, a slave by the name of Dred Scott was taken from the slave state of Missouri into the the free state of Illinois then to Wisconsin which was another free State before they returned to Missouri.
• Dred Scot maintained that he had lived in a Free State and therefore must be considered free. He filed a lawsuit with the help of Northern Abolitionists (people against slavery) and the case was heard by the Supreme Court.
• The Court decided that since he was a slave and NOT a citizen, then he NO legal rights to even bring a lawsuit against his owner.
• The Court also ruled that Congress COULD NOT stop slavery within the territories which upset the earlier Missouri Compromise.

Compromise of 1850
• Gold was discovered in the U.S. territory of California in 1849. Immediately people moved to California and the population grew enough for California to ask for admittance as a state.
• There were 15 free States and 15 Free states at this time and California’s constitution did not allow slavery. If California became a state, then the balance in the Senate would again be upset.
• These following compromises were made (Compromise of 1850)
– California became a free state and territories of New Mexico and Utah could decide on their own if they wanted slavery or not.
– Slave trading in the District of Columbia stopped but people living there could keep their slaves.
– Fugitive Slave Law passed which said slaves that ran away to free states MUST be returned to the owners.

Georgia Platform
• Many Georgians did not like the Compromise of 1850 and were not not to cast votes to approve its passage but 3 men, Cobb, Stephens, and Toombs, asked Georgians to accept it. Their alliance was called the Georgia platform and they campaigned for passage of the Compromise of 1850 as the ONLY way to save the United States and keep from tearing it apart into two countries. North and South

Kansas Nebraska Act
• The Slavery issue just would not die and as new territories opened up there was a bitter argument over where they should be Free or Slave.
• Stephen Douglas proposed that Kansas and Nebraska both be admitted as states and instead of going with previous compromises, he suggested that the people living in the territories should just vote on what they wanted to be. The majority vote would decide. ( This idea is known as Popular Sovereignty.)
• Both sides (anti slavery and proslavery) shipped people in by trainloads in order to win the votes. There were bitter fights between sides in which sometimes entire towns were burnt and the people killed. It was so bad that Kansas became known as “Bleeding Kansas.”
• When Kansas applied for statehood, they were going to allow slavery but the Northern Senators voted against admittance as a state.
• There was an uneven number of votes in the Senate at this time with more Northern states that were against slavery and fewer southern states that were proslavery.
• Therefore when it came time to vote on slavery issues, the North was always going to win.
• This really made the Southern states mad.

Political Problems
• Tensions grew over the slavery issue as well as over northern industry against southern agriculture. The North was always voting for things to go their way and the South hated it.
• The South felt like they had to do something so they started talking about seceding (breaking away) from the U.S. and forming their own country.
• In the election of 1860 there was a man by the name of Abe Lincoln running for president. Since he was backed by Radical Republicans (who opposed slavery), they believed he would make slavery illegal if he were elected.
• Many states saw this as the end to slavery and their way of life so they decided that if he were elected they would secede and form the Confederate States of America.
• Lincoln won the election and the country split in half into Northern (antislavery) and Southern (proslavery) regions

Georgia
• Georgia was sharply divided over the issue of secession. While most believed in preserving the Union, they also believed that the Federal gov’t obtained its power FROM the State ( States’ Rights)
• Alexander Stephens strongly opposed secession and gave stirring speeches against it.
• Many Georgians wanted to see what South Carolina would do 1st.
• On Nov 21st 1860, Gov Joe Brown along with Cobb and Toombs called for a secessionist convention.
• On Jan 19, 1861, after seeing South Carolina secede Ga followed and voted for secession also

b. State the importance of key events of the Civil War; include Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast,Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville

Civil War
• Lasted from April 1861 until April 1865
• Was between Union (North) and Confederate (South)
• Underlying causes were States Rights, Slavery and Economic differences between the North and South
• Immediate causes were John Browns Raid and the Election of Abraham Lincoln
• Important Battles:
– War Started at Ft Sumter South Carolina in April 1861
– Antietam – Sept 1862-Union victory Bloodiest one day battle of War, almost 25,000 killed
– Gettysburg- July 1863-Union Victory, turning point the war, South did not win another Major battle afterwards

- Chickamauga - Sept. 1863 - fought in Ga to stop Shermans advance. It was a Confederate Victory But Sherman still advanced to take Kennesaw Mtn and Atlanta
– War Ended at Appomattox Courthouse with surrender of Lee (Confederate) to Grant (Union)

War in Ga
• Union General Sherman left Chattanooga Tennessee and attacked Ga headed for Atlanta.
• Ga was the stronghold of the Confederacy supplying the MOST supplies of Confederate State. Ga had the Most factories and better Railroads. Sherman knew that if he could break GA than the war would be over.
• Sherman laid siege (surrounded) to Atlanta, captured it, and eventually burned it to the ground. At this time the population of Atlanta was about 15,000 people.
• Sherman then marched to Savannah, captured the city and “gave it to Lincoln as a Christmas present.”
• Andersonville was the most famous civil war prison in the South. It held Union prisoners of war and had extremely horrible conditions in which many soldiers died.(Compare to Camp Douglas in North)

Emancipation Proclamation
• The war was NOT going well for the North and Many northerners wanted to let the South GO AWAY.
• Lincoln, in an effort to “rally” the north, turned the war into a MORAL war to End slavery.
• Although Lincoln was NOT against slavery, shortly after the Battle of Antietam, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which declared “ALL slaves in the Rebelling States are declared FREE.” He did not declare slavery illegal in the United States.





c. Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states, emphasizing Freedmen’s Bureau; sharecropping and tenant farming; Reconstruction plans; 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the constitution; Henry McNeal Turner and black legislators, and the Ku Klux Klan

Reconstruction Period
• The period immediately after the War is known as Reconstruction (a period of rebuilding the South after the war)
• Times were tough for Freed Slaves. There were no jobs available in the North or the South for them.
• The Freedmen's Bureau was an organization to help both blacks and whites get “back on their feet” though most whites were too proud to use the service.
• Many ex-slaves chose to Tenant Farm or Sharecrop the land usually owned by their former master. They provided the labor by working the fields while the owner supplied them a place to live and all tools necessary for the job. Most often went into debt to their former master and worked the farm for life trying to pay off the debt.
• The biggest difference between sharecropping and slavery was that the people were NOT Owned and could not be traded or sold. They had the freedom to choose to work there but mush of the life was the same as the Plantation Life

Reconstruction Plans
• Lincoln wanted to allow the South EASY Re-entry into the Union But many of the Northern Congressmen wanted to Punish the South and have a HARD Re-entry program
• Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth (a Northern actor with Southern sympathies) before he could start his plans
• Vice President Johnson, from Tennessee, took over and wanted to follow Lincolns plans but the Northern Congressmen accused him of being too easy on the South since he was from Tennessee, a Southern State
• Reconstruction was a ROUGH period with TOUGH re-entry plans for Southern States who were opposed to many of the changes

Constitution Changes
• As a result of the Civil War and the resistance of the South to change and accept the facts that slavery was over, several Constitutional Amendments were Passed
• 13th Amendment – Made Slavery illegal in all U.S. States and Territories
• 14th Amendment – All citizens have SAME rights and Privileges of All other Citizens
( Blacks were EQUAL to Whites under the Law)
• 15th Amendment – No citizen can be denied the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Political Change
• After the Civil War, blacks were elected to the General assembly of GA for the 1st time. Henry McNeal Turner was one of the 1st African-Americans to take office.
• Milledgeville was the capital of GA at this time and the General Assembly refused to let the black legislators take office and the hotels in the area would not allow them to stay there. They said the Constitutional Amendments may allow blacks to be citizens but does NOT guarantee them a place in the Assembly
• The U.S. government made the General assembly except them and the Capital moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta where the climate was more favorable to blacks.White Organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan began to spring up as white advocate groups and to oppose the equality of blacks

SS8H5D

d. Analyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; include the roles of Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears.

Indian Lands of Ga
• Much of Ga was still Indian Land in the early 1800’s
• The ___________________ Indians owned much of the land in North Ga
• The ______________________Indians Controlled Most of the Land in West and South Ga including the area in which we live today
• The ________________________Indians were actually a branch of the Creeks that controlled extreme Southwest Ga and North Florida
• 2 other tribes lived in land that Ga gave away in the Yazoo Land Fraud

Cherokee
• Most _____________________of the 5 tribes
• _______________________many white ways
• Written language developed by ______________________who was called _______________________ by whites
• Had a newspaper- the _____________________________
• Formed a capital known as __________________________________
• ___________________________was a mixed heritage chief of the Cherokee who owned a lot of land.


Creek
• The Creek Indians also tried to be like the whites that were moving into their land
• They ____________________, __________________________, and ________________________as a way to survive just like the white neighbors
• Unfortunately, many of the new settlers believed that Indians had no rights to the land and wanted it for themselves.
• The practice of ________________________(giving up) their land started by Tomochichi continued as the Creek lost their land little by little

Land Fever and Georgia Settlers
• As Settlers moved in and demanded more land from the Creeks, some of the Creeks saw a way to make Money while others decided to fight for their land
• _____________________________________led the Creeks against the Settlers. He met with President George Washington and they signed the Treaty of New York (1790) which said that the “Creek would give up all land east of the Oconee River IF settlers promised not to cross the River into Creek Lands”
• Neither side upheld the Treaty

Treaty Broken
• During the Peace from1797-1812, the ___________________________________occurred. One concession for Ga giving up her western land was that the Federal Gov’t Promised to remove ALL Indians from the Land of Ga
• As settlers ignored the Treaty of New York and moved across the Oconee into Creek Lands, the Creek became upset and wanted to fight
• Settlers screamed for the Gov’t to uphold its promise and send soldiers to take care of the Indians

Creek War
• Creeks divided into two different groups
• ________________________ sticks – wanted peace
• ________________Sticks – wanted war
• The Red Sticks helped the British try to retake the colonies in the War of 1812.
• Many settlers were upset and renewed their cry for the gov’t to remove the Creeks
• The Creeks began to attack the Settlements
• General _______________________________led the US Army in defeating the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend In 1814
• The Red Sticks gave up all claim to land in Ga
• White Stick Creeks were led by many different chiefs
• One Lower Chief was __________________________________________
• McIntosh was 1st Cousins with the Ga Governor George Troup
• Together they arranged for McIntosh to sign away all remaining Creek Territory in Ga for a price of $200,000
• Other Creek Leaders Protested the deal but the Gov said “too bad” and kept the deal
• Other Creeks got together and killed McIntosh for what he had done

Creek Removal
• 1828 - _______________________________was elected as President
• He had been a friend to most Indians (esp Cherokee) even though he fought against the Red Sticks
• 1830 – Congress passed a bill to Remove all Indians from East of the Mississippi into its Western Land
• 1832 – Creeks signed Treaty of Washington in which they gave up claim to final 5 million acres of land and the Gov’t promised to set aside 2 million acres on which Creeks could live and farm. The Gov’t would protect the Creeks from white settlers
• Treaty was broken immediately as whites attacked and burned the Indian homes.
• Indians fought back but were killed or captured and removed to the West

Cherokee Conformity
• The Cherokee tried everyway to conform to the White Settlers Standards
• They
– Set up a __________________________government
– Published _________________________________
– Helped the Army fight against other Indians
– _____________________ of the Cherokee Indians learned to read and write
– _________________________ for a living
– Converted to ________________________and even brought in missionaries

Cherokee Removal Begins
• Settlers began to be jealous of Cherokee prosperity and began to despise the success of their leader _________________who owned a large house, slaves, much land, gristmills and blacksmith shops
• Combine this with the discovery of ________________ in 1829 on their land near present day ________________________, and the Settlers REALLY wanted the land
• Settlers began to scream for the Gov’t to keep their promise to remove all Indians from Ga

Worcester v. Georgia
• The Ga Legislature passed a law in 1830 making it illegal for ____________________to live on Cherokee land unless they swore an oath of allegiance to the Ga Gov.
• Two missionaries, _______________________ and ___________________________, already living on the Cherokee land with Cherokee approval, refused to take the oath
• They were arrested and they appealed their case to the _____________________________ of the U.S.A

Court Ruling
• Chief Justice ________________________________________agreed with the missionaries and declared the “state of Ga had no legal rights on land belonging to the Cherokee Nation
• This was a huge victory for the Cherokee because the U.S. Gov’t recognized their rights to land ownership
• This also meant that the land was _______________________from settlers who wanted to move there
• The Cherokee were happy they could keep their land and make their own decisions

Court Reality
• There was a political battle going on between the Supreme Court backed by John Marshall and the Executive Branch backed by President Andrew Jackson.
• Both believed their branch of Gov’t to be the Strongest and wanted to prove the point
• Jackson knew the Ga settlers wanted the Cherokee land and he wanted to keep his voters happy. Marshall went against Jackson’s wishes in the court ruling
• Jackson said in referring to Marshall “ Well, he made the ruling, now let’s see if he can enforce it.”
• Jackson refused to send in _____________________to protect the Cherokee from settlers or from the State of GA. The Supreme Court has NO LEGAL power to send in troops.

Cherokee Removal
• When the president did not react to the taking of Cherokee land, the State of GA divided it into lots of 40 and 160 acres and auctioned it off to white settlers
• It did NOT matter that the Cherokee STILL lived on the land
• Cherokee were driven from their homes, beaten, whipped and sometimes killed for their land
• Chief John Ross made several trips to Washington D.C. but nothing changed
• December 1835 - Cherokee 500 out of 17,000 Cherokee were forced to meet and sign over all land. Those not in attendance were assumed to be in agreement to give up land
• Only a small few actually participated in the signing

Trail of Tears
• After signing away the land, the Cherokee were rounded up and forced to leave for “Indian Territory” (present day_________________________)
• Some were sent by boat and some were forced to march on a journey that lasted ______________ and covered 700-800 miles
• Horrible rotten food as well as cold weather led to the death of 1/3 to ½ of the Indians
• 4000 Cherokee died in prison awaiting the removal orders
• The Cherokee called the removal “the trail where we cried” now called the “________________________________”

Summary
• As settlers need for __________________increased, they infringed upon the Indian’s right to land
• The gov’t supported the settlers ignorance of treaties and laws to protect the Indians
• The ____________________________ended all Indian uprisings East of the MississippiProblems during this period set the stage for States Rights verses Federal Rights arguments to come later

SS8H4

SS8H4 The student will describe the impact of events that led to the ratification ofthe United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights. a. Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of both the Georgia Constitution of 1777 and the Articles of Confederation and explain how weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation led to a need to revise the Articles.
Georgia Constitution 1777 February 1777 – ratified state’s __________________________ It had a ________________________ house (One House) Gov’t established but it had 3 different branches 1) __________________ 2) _____________________ 3)________________________
___________________________________ was 1st Governor of the State of GA The Unicameral system was bad because it let people in power _____________________ people to the 3 branches of Gov’t and it also allowed only the 12 lawmakers that made up the legislature to make laws It was good because it let the people have a chance to have ________________________________.

Articles of Confederation This was the _______________________________ of the ___________________________________. It was a Very _____________________ Gov’t System It could not levy ___________________________. It could not make the _______________________________________colonies into __________________ Each colony had its own _____________________ system Gave the Federal Gov’t no way to pay ____________________
Could not regulate _____________________ between colonies or with other countries

End of the Articles of Confederation 1786 – ________________________________over taxes in Mass. showed need for stronger Central Gov’t and a ______________________________________was called for by the states



b. Describe the role of Georgia at the Constitutional Convention of 1787; include the role of Abraham Baldwin and William Few, and reasons why Georgia ratified the new constitution

Constitutional Convention 1787 After seeing the weakness of the Articles of Confederation, a New constitutional convention was called for to ______________________ the Articles of Confederation. But what happened was a totally new "__________________________________________" was written behind "closed doors" in "secret" and it is still that basic document that runs our country today.

Ga at the Convention1787 ___________________________and ___________________________from Ga signed the Constitution Baldwin was important in resolving the __________________________________controversy. He was ___________________________________ and had been born in Connecticut so he could see the point of the small states and their worry over _______________________________________. When it came to a vote, he favored compromise
Few was a self made man who rose to fame in Ga. He was instrumental in convincing the Confederation Congress to ________________ and ________________________ the Constitution The Constitution was much like the Ga Constitution in its _______________________________________ and it also had a ___________________________________
Ga was the __________________ state to ratify (approve) the Constitution Ga ratified the Constitution AFTER several Compromises were made

Compromises 1)______________________________ -Created ______________houses of Congress for equal representation -Senate __________ from each state -House of Representatives based on the ____________________________of the state 2)______________________________ -How to count slaveswhen it came to representatives in the House 3)_______________________________ -When to end slave trade 4)_______________________________ -Congress would regulate trade and tariffs
Bill of Rights The ____________________________________to the Constitution is called the Bill of Rights These amendments contain some of our basic fundamental rights such as Right to ______________________ Bear _________________ Trail _________________ _____________________incrimination

This assignment should be printed and brought to class on Monday, 9/22/08.
Notes sheets presented in class receive a 100 daily grade for the day.

SS8H5 The student will explain significant factors that affected the development ofGeorgia as part of the growth of the United States between 1789 and 1840.

a. Explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches.

University of Ga
• Was formerly known as ________________________________
• Started in ____________ with a land grant given by the Federal Gov’t to establish a college
• First Classes started in _______________
• Was all _______________and all ____________________
• Main job was to oversee all ________________________________________in GA
• It is the _________________ Public University of its kind

Louisville
• Became capital of Ga in ________________
• Is located between ____________________and _________________BUT further ___________
• The movement toward the west reflected the changing _____________________of Ga that was spreading out from the coast and Savannah River and following the______________________.

Religion
• After the Revolution many _______________(Anglican Religion) left and went back to England
• Their leaving left the opportunity for other Protestant Religions such as ____________________ and __________________________.
• ___________________________________came to GA to “save” the Indians and started the first “____________________________.” These schools/classes taught people to _____________ and _____________ using the Bible as a textbook. He founded the _____________________Religion after returning to England.
• In all Communities religious worship was a form of_________________, ________________, and ____________________ interaction. It was a time for families to get together and take a break from the routine of work and struggle.


b. Evaluate the impact of land policies pursued by Georgia; include the headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo land fraud

Land Development
• Before, during, and after the Revolution Ga encouraged _______________to move into her_____________.
• Ga wanted people in the ________________________to improve its claim to the land.
• As people moved in, there was ________________________between competing _____________ and between the settlers and the__________________________.


Georgia Growth
• Between 1790 and 1840, the _______________________of Ga. ___________________(4 times)
• Population of the United States grew from 4 mil to 17 mil
• People came to Ga for ____________________________________.
• People followed the wagon trails and settled mainly in the _______________________
• First _________________________of the nation was taken in 1790

Georgia’s public land was distributed in three different ways
•
•
•

Headright System
• Head of a family got _________________________of land for himself plus ________________ for each member of his family (1,000 acre limit)
• __________________________of the Revolutionary War could get more land based on their rank
• The people settled on the _______________________land available to them which resulted in odd shaped____________________________________.


Land Speculation
• _____________________________– illegal land deal where People bribed the Ga congressmen to sale them Ga’s western land for cut rate prices BEFORE the Public had a chance to get the land
• To settle the dispute, Georgia gave up claim to __________________land (it would later become ______________________and_______________________) to the U.S. gov’t
• Georgia’s western boundary became the ____________________________River

Land Lottery
• For a _____________people could buy a ______________and enter into a drawing for land
• Had to be________________, ________________ and over the age of ______ to purchase ticket
• ______________of Households, __________________, and ___________________were given “extra” chances to win

Assessment of Land Policy
• The Good Side
– Opened Ga land to _________________________
– _____________________Ga ______________________to land
– Gave opportunity to ______________land to people who could not afford to buy land


• The Bad Side
– Allowed for ________________________
– Allowed for ________________________
– _____________________the _______________________that lived there

c. Explain how technological developments, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth.

New Technology Leads to Georgia Growth and Expansion
• There were Two main technological developments that helped Ga grow rapidly
– _________________________
– _________________________

Cotton Gin
• Invented by _______________________in __________________
• The Gin separated the ________________________from the _________________________ (which required long hours to do by hand).
• It allowed Ga to plant more _______________________since now they had a way to remove the seeds from the cotton quickly.
• It allowed Cotton to become the “__________________” crop grown in Ga

• Positive effects-
– _____________________________________
– Helped lead to the ______________________________of Ga Land and the establishment of major ______________________
• Negative effects
– Encouraged Large ________________________with increased _______________________
– Displaced more _____________________________and pushed them off their land

Railroads
• First roads were ___________________
• _______________________were built to get to the rivers better and began to link towns to others with no river systems.
• _______________________came last and offered reliable transportation for people and goods to cities and markets. They connected __________________________with River and Seaport CitiesRailroads led to the creation of towns such as “___________________” better known today as “__________________”